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<title>Deep inelastic scattering</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Deep inelastic scattering</span></span>

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<p>In <a href="Particle_physics" title="Particle physics">particle physics</a>, <b>deep inelastic scattering</b> is the name given to a process used to probe the insides of <a href="Hadrons" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadrons">hadrons</a> (particularly the <a href="Baryons" class="mw-redirect" title="Baryons">baryons</a>, such as <a href="Protons" class="mw-redirect" title="Protons">protons</a> and <a href="Neutrons" class="mw-redirect" title="Neutrons">neutrons</a>), using <a href="Electrons" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrons">electrons</a>, <a href="Muons" class="mw-redirect" title="Muons">muons</a> and <a href="Neutrinos" class="mw-redirect" title="Neutrinos">neutrinos</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Devenish_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Devenish-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Feltesse_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Feltesse-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was first attempted in the 1960s and 1970s and provided the first convincing evidence of the reality of <a href="Quarks" class="mw-redirect" title="Quarks">quarks</a>, which up until that point had been considered by many to be a purely mathematical phenomenon. It is an extension of <a href="Rutherford_scattering" class="mw-redirect" title="Rutherford scattering">Rutherford scattering</a> to much higher energies of the scattering particle and thus to much finer resolution of the components of the <a href="Atomic_nucleus" title="Atomic nucleus">nuclei</a>.

</p><p><a href="Henry_Way_Kendall" title="Henry Way Kendall">Henry Way Kendall</a>, <a href="Jerome_Isaac_Friedman" title="Jerome Isaac Friedman">Jerome Isaac Friedman</a> and <a href="Richard_E._Taylor" title="Richard E. Taylor">Richard E. Taylor</a> were joint recipients of the <a href="Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a> of 1990 "for their pioneering investigations concerning deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons, which have been of essential importance for the development of the quark model in particle physics."<sup id="cite_ref-nobel-citation_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nobel-citation-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2></div>

<p>To explain each part of the terminology, "<a href="Scattering" title="Scattering">scattering</a>" refers to the deflection of <a href="Lepton" title="Lepton">leptons</a> (electron, muon, etc.) off of hadrons. Measuring the angles of deflection gives information about the nature of the process. "<a href="Inelastic_scattering" title="Inelastic scattering">Inelastic</a>" means that the target absorbs some kinetic energy. In fact, at the very high energies of leptons used, the target is "shattered" and emits many new particles. These particles are hadrons and, to oversimplify greatly, the process is interpreted as a constituent <a href="Quark" title="Quark">quark</a> of the target being "knocked out" of the target hadron, and due to <a href="Quark_confinement" class="mw-redirect" title="Quark confinement">quark confinement</a>, the quarks are not actually observed but instead produce the observable particles by <a href="Hadronization" title="Hadronization">hadronization</a>. "Deep" refers to the high energy of the lepton, which gives it a <a href="Matter_wave" title="Matter wave">very short wavelength</a> and hence the ability to probe distances that are small compared with the size of the target hadron, so it can probe "deep inside" the hadron. Also, note that in the <a href="Perturbation_theory_(quantum_mechanics)" title="Perturbation theory (quantum mechanics)">perturbative approximation</a> it is a high-energy <a href="Virtual_particle" title="Virtual particle">virtual photon</a> emitted from the lepton and absorbed by the target hadron which transfers energy to one of its constituent quarks, as in the adjacent diagram.

</p><p><a href="Bogdan_Povh" title="Bogdan Povh">Povh</a> and Rosina pointed out that the term “deep inelastic scattering against nucleons” was coined when the quark substructure of nucleons was unknown. They prefer the term “<a href="Quasielastic_scattering" title="Quasielastic scattering">quasielastic</a> lepton-quark scattering”.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Quark#History" title="Quark">Quark § History</a></div>

<p>The <a href="Standard_Model" title="Standard Model">Standard Model</a> of physics, in particular the work of <a href="Murray_Gell-Mann" title="Murray Gell-Mann">Murray Gell-Mann</a> in the 1960s, had been successful in uniting much of the previously disparate concepts in <a href="Particle_physics" title="Particle physics">particle physics</a> into one, relatively straightforward, scheme. In essence, there were three types of particles:

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<ul><li>The <a href="Leptons" class="mw-redirect" title="Leptons">leptons</a>, which were low-mass particles such as electrons, <a href="Neutrinos" class="mw-redirect" title="Neutrinos">neutrinos</a> and their <a href="Antiparticles" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiparticles">antiparticles</a>. They have integer <a href="Electric_charge" title="Electric charge">electric charge</a>.</li>

<li>The <a href="Gauge_bosons" class="mw-redirect" title="Gauge bosons">gauge bosons</a>, which were particles that exchange forces. These ranged from the massless, easy-to-detect <a href="Photon" title="Photon">photon</a> (the carrier of the electro-magnetic force) to the exotic (though still massless) <a href="Gluons" class="mw-redirect" title="Gluons">gluons</a> that carry the strong nuclear force.</li>

<li>The <a href="Quarks" class="mw-redirect" title="Quarks">quarks</a>, which were massive particles that carried fractional electric charges. They are the "building blocks" of the hadrons. They are also the only particles to be affected by the <a href="Strong_interaction" title="Strong interaction">strong interaction</a>.</li></ul>

<p>The leptons had been detected since 1897, when <a href="J._J._Thomson" title="J. J. Thomson">J. J. Thomson</a> had shown that <a href="Electric_current" title="Electric current">electric current</a> is a flow of electrons. Some bosons were being routinely detected, although the W<sup>+</sup>, W<sup>−</sup> and Z<sup>0</sup> particles of the <a href="Electroweak_force" class="mw-redirect" title="Electroweak force">electroweak force</a> were only categorically seen in the early 1980s, and gluons were only firmly pinned down at <a href="DESY" title="DESY">DESY</a> in <a href="Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a> at about the same time. Quarks, however, were still elusive.

</p><p>Drawing on <a href="Ernest_Rutherford%2C_1st_Baron_Rutherford_of_Nelson" class="mw-redirect" title="Ernest Rutherford, 1st Baron Rutherford of Nelson">Rutherford</a>'s groundbreaking experiments in the early years of the 20th century, ideas for detecting quarks were formulated. Rutherford had proven that atoms had a small, massive, charged nucleus at their centre by firing <a href="Alpha_particles" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha particles">alpha particles</a> at atoms of gold. Most had gone through with little or no deviation, but a few were deflected through large angles or came right back. This suggested that atoms had internal structure and a lot of empty space.

</p><p>In order to probe the interiors of baryons, a small, penetrating and easily produced particle needed to be used. Electrons were ideal for the role, as they are abundant and easily accelerated to high energies due to their electric charge. In 1968, at the <a href="Stanford_Linear_Accelerator_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanford Linear Accelerator Center">Stanford Linear Accelerator Center</a> (SLAC), electrons were fired at protons and neutrons in atomic nuclei.<sup id="cite_ref-Bloom_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bloom-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Breidenbach_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Breidenbach-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later experiments<sup id="cite_ref-Feltesse_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Feltesse-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were conducted with <a href="Muons" class="mw-redirect" title="Muons">muons</a> and <a href="Neutrinos" class="mw-redirect" title="Neutrinos">neutrinos</a>, but the same principles apply.<sup id="cite_ref-Devenish_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Devenish-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The collision absorbs some kinetic energy, and as such it is <a href="Inelastic_scattering" title="Inelastic scattering">inelastic</a>. This is a contrast to Rutherford scattering, which is <a href="Elastic_scattering" title="Elastic scattering">elastic</a>: no loss of kinetic energy. The electron emerges from the nucleus, and its trajectory and velocity can be detected. Analysis of the results led to the conclusion that hadrons do indeed have internal structure. The experiments were important because not only did they confirm the physical reality of quarks, but also proved again that the Standard Model was the correct avenue of research for particle physicists to pursue.

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<ul><li><a href="Semi-inclusive_deep_inelastic_scattering" title="Semi-inclusive deep inelastic scattering">Semi-inclusive deep inelastic scattering</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("./mw/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("./mw/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("./mw/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("./mw/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}

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</style><cite id="CITEREFDevenishCooper-Sarkar2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Robin_Devenish" title="Robin Devenish">Devenish, Robin</a>; <a href="Amanda_Cooper-Sarkar" title="Amanda Cooper-Sarkar">Cooper-Sarkar, Amanda</a> (2003). <i>Deep Inelastic Scattering</i>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780198506713.001.0001">10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198506713.001.0001</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780198506713</bdi>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-Feltesse-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Feltesse_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Feltesse_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFFeltesse2012" class="citation conference cs1">Feltesse, Joël (March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indico.cern.ch/event/153252/contributions/1396991/"><i>Introduction to Deep Inelastic Scattering: Past and Present</i></a>. XX International Workshop on Deep-Inelastic Scattering and Related Subjects. University of Bonn. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3204%2FDESY-PROC-2012-02%2F6">10.3204/DESY-PROC-2012-02/6</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-nobel-citation-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nobel-citation_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1990/">"Nobel prize citation"</a>. Nobelprize.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-01-08</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<cite id="CITEREFE._D._Bloom1969" class="citation journal cs1">E. D. Bloom; et al. (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.23.930">"High-Energy Inelastic <i>e</i>–<i>p</i> Scattering at 6° and 10°"</a>. <i><a href="Physical_Review_Letters" title="Physical Review Letters">Physical Review Letters</a></i>. <b>23</b> (16): <span class="nowrap">930–</span>934. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1969PhRvL..23..930B">1969PhRvL..23..930B</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.23.930">10.1103/PhysRevLett.23.930</a></span>.</cite></span>

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<cite id="CITEREFM._Breidenbach1969" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="Martin_Breidenbach" title="Martin Breidenbach">M. Breidenbach</a>; et al. (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.slac.stanford.edu/cgi-bin/getdoc/slac-pub-0650.pdf">"Observed Behavior of Highly Inelastic Electron–Proton Scattering"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="Physical_Review_Letters" title="Physical Review Letters">Physical Review Letters</a></i>. <b>23</b> (16): <span class="nowrap">935–</span>939. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1969PhRvL..23..935B">1969PhRvL..23..935B</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.23.935">10.1103/PhysRevLett.23.935</a>. <a href="OSTI_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OSTI (identifier)">OSTI</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1444731">1444731</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2575595">2575595</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFJ._I._Friedman" class="citation web cs1"><a href="Jerome_Isaac_Friedman" title="Jerome Isaac Friedman">J. I. Friedman</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081225093044/http://www.hueuni.edu.vn/hueuni/en/news_detail.php?NewsID=1606&PHPSESSID=909807ffc5b9c0288cc8d137ff063c72">"The Road to the Nobel Prize"</a>. <a href="Hue_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Hue University">Hue University</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hueuni.edu.vn/hueuni/en/news_detail.php?NewsID=1606&PHPSESSID=909807ffc5b9c0288cc8d137ff063c72">the original</a> on 2008-12-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-02-25</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFJaffe1985" class="citation arxiv cs1"><a href="Robert_Jaffe_(physicist)" title="Robert Jaffe (physicist)">Jaffe, R.L.</a> (1985). "Deep Inelastic Scattering with Application to Nuclear Targets". <a href="ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2212.05616">2212.05616</a></span> [<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/archive/hep-ph">hep-ph</a>].</cite></span>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFAmsler2014" class="citation book cs1">Amsler, Claude (2014). "Deep inelastic electron-proton scattering". <i>Nuclear and Particle Physics</i>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F978-0-7503-1140-3ch18">10.1088/978-0-7503-1140-3ch18</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-7503-1140-3</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFPovhRosina2017" class="citation book cs1">Povh, Bogdan; Rosina, Mitja (2017). "2.1 Electron-Quark Scattering, 2.4 Neutrino-Quark Scattering". <i>Scattering and Structures: Essentials and Analogies in Quantum Physics</i>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-3-66254513-3</bdi>.</cite></li></ul></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

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